DeptName
Documents

IDNO
2051

OtherNumber
Misc 161 (2480)

ObjectType
Miscellaneous Documents

ShortSummary
Photocopy of ts narrative (19pp) compiled in September 1946 by the Commanding Officer of 225 Detachment Military Government, Lieutenant Colonel C E Driver, giving a brief, but affectionate description of the unit's activities, covering: its formation at Eastbourne in April 1944, landing in France (23 June 1944) and its work (responsibility for the appointment of local administration, movement of refugees, health and sanitation) during its rapid moves through northern France (until October 1944, including Calais and Boulogne), Belgium (from late October 1944, in the province of Zeeuws), Holland (November 1944 - February 1945, at Nijmegen and Almen) and Germany, at Leer and finally (12 May 1945 - September 1946) at Aschendorf, Hanover district (until mid-August 1944 attached to 49th Division and from then until the end of the war attached to 3rd Canadian Division, often following close behind front line troops) where it took over responsibility for local administration, reconstruction, displaced persons and denazification. It also gives cameos of incidents experienced and of personalities serving with the unit at different times, including Russian volunteers.

Weighting
1

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

WebStatus
published

UncatTransferDate
23/06/2006 12:46:31

URLEncodedDeptName
Documents

Access
Unrestricted

DeptName
Documents

IDNO
2346

OtherNumber
92/33/1

ItemName
Private Papers of W J Moore

ObjectType
Private Papers

ShortSummary
Photocopy of a ts memoir (206pp), written in the 1980s, and a later printed version (301pp) with an identical text, covering his life as a Merchant Navy officer from 1923; his training as an RNR officer (1931) and subsequent periods of service in the submarines HMS L23 (1931 - 1932) and HMS H50 for the Silver Jubilee Naval Review (1935); his appointment, soon as 1st Lieutenant, to the sloop HMS FOLKESTONE on the China Station (November 1939), her passage home and deployment with the Liverpool Escort Force on escort duties in the Western Approaches and with Gibraltar and North Atlantic convoys (February - December 1940); as Commanding Officer of the sloop HMS BIDEFORD (December 1940 - November 1942) in dockyard hands at Portsmouth, working up at Tobermory and, from May 1941, on escort duties, principally with the 40th Escort Group on OS and SL convoys to and from West Africa, including descriptions of the heavy attacks on SL 87, the loss of HMS CULVER and the sinking of the Italian submarine PIETRO CALVI; as Commanding Officer of the sloop HMS WHIMBREL (December 1942 - April 1944), sometimes with the 2nd Escort Group on Atlantic and West Africa convoy duties, escort work in support of the Sicily landings and the North Russian convoys JW 58 and RA 58; in command of the newly built minesweeper HMS REGULUS for her passage from Canada to the United Kingdom (June - August 1944); his involvement in inshore operations against Schnorkel U-boats round the British Isles (August 1944 - June 1945); as Senior Officer, from September 1944, of the 17th Escort Group in the frigate HMS ASCENSION, mainly in Scottish waters and the English Channel and including the loss of HMS CAPEL; his training as a divisional Sea Transport Officer (August 1945) and his appointment in that capacity at Hong Kong to help organise shipping requirements and the reconstruction of the colony's port facilities (October 1945 - June 1946); and his demobilisation on his return home. His narrative includes interesting details of tactical and technical problems and developments in convoy escort and anti-submarine work.

MakerName
Moore

Forenames
W J

Honours
DSC RD RNR

Style
Captain

Weighting
1

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

WebStatus
published

UncatTransferDate
23/06/2006 12:46:31

URLEncodedDeptName
Documents

Access
Unrestricted

DeptName
Documents

IDNO
2985

OtherNumber
Misc 176 (2680)

ObjectType
Miscellaneous Documents

ShortSummary
Collection of various papers (circa 80pp) from hostels for Czech refugee children at Plas-yn-Green, Denbigh, and Edmond Castle, Carlisle, during the Second World War, consisting mainly of drawings and essays (in German) by the children reflecting their views on the war, their hopes for the reconstruction of their homeland after the war, and their day-to-day life in the hostels.

RelatedImageFile
Misc2680_002985_1.jpg

Weighting
500

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

WebStatus
published

UncatTransferDate
19/09/2006 05:50:09

URLEncodedDeptName
Documents

Access
Unrestricted

IndexPlace
Carlisle, Cumberland, England, UK
Plas-yn-Green, Denbighshire, Wales, UK

IndexPlaceDetail
Edmond Castle, Carlisle

IndexEvent
Home Front, UK, Second World War

PDF
Misc2680_002985_1.pdf

DigitalAsset
Y

DeptName
Documents

IDNO
7938

OtherNumber
98/35/1

ItemName
Private Papers of J C Banks

ObjectType
Private Papers

ShortSummary
Four files of official correspondence, minutes of meetings, and memoranda relating to the activities of the Army Bureau of Current Affairs (ABCA) during his career as an Education Officer with the Army Education Corps (AEC) in the Middle East, July 1943 - April 1945, including: his service as Staff Captain, ABCA, GHQ, November 1943 - March 1944; GSO3, 3 Corps, March - June 1944; GSO2, 56th Division, June - December 1944; GSO2, 5 Corps, December 1944 - April 1945; and commenting on the conduct of the ABCA scheme; the education of soldiers serving in the Middle East; the production of ABCA pamphlets; frustration amongst the troops and their reactions to ABCA; questions of postwar reconstruction; programmes of ABCA lectures; 5 Corps Education Scheme, February - March 1945; and schemes for Army Education postwar.

MakerName
Banks

Forenames
J C

Style
Captain

Weighting
1

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

WebStatus
published

UncatTransferDate
23/06/2006 12:46:31

URLEncodedDeptName
Documents

Access
Unrestricted

DeptName
Documents

IDNO
10508

OtherNumber
P144

ItemName
Private Papers of B W W Gostling

ObjectType
Private Papers

ShortSummary
Ts official papers such as correspondence, instructions, lectures, memoranda and reports, relating to his service as an officer with the Royal Fusiliers on the Western Front, January 1915 – April 1919; the Pioneer Corps, 1939 – 1941; and as a Deputy Director of Labour in North Africa and the United Kingdom, 1942 - 1945, including: active service in France and Belgium with the 3rd Battalion Royal Fusiliers, January 1915 – October 1915, 4th Battalion Royal Fusiliers, April 1917 – January 1918, and as Brigade Major of the 8th Brigade (3rd Division), January 1918 – April 1919, when he entered Germany with IX Corps (he was recovering from his wounds in England, October 1915 – April 1917); recalled in 1939 after retirement in 1929, his service as OC No 10 Group, Pioneer Corps constructing airfields in France and Belgium, 1939 – 1940; OC Pioneer Corps in London, repairing damage from the Blitz, 1940 – 1941; Deputy Director of Labour in the Lines of Communications area in North Africa, November 1942 – 1943; Deputy Director of Labour, Northern Command, April 1944 – January 1945, and Southern Command from January 1945. These papers include a lecture (9pp) delivered at GHQ by Major D Borden-Turner on demobilisation and reconstruction, October 1918; a ts pamphlet, October 1918, of the despatch by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig for December 1917 – April 1918; a ts message (1p) from General Sir Henry Rawlinson on the occupation of Germany, November 1918; a Christmas victory message (1p) from Major General (later Field Marshal Sir Cyril) Deverell to 3rd Division, December 1918; the War Diary (580pp) of 8th Brigade, January 1918 – January 1919; an undated scrapbook kept by B Woodman (3rd Company, 6th Battalion Royal Fusiliers) containing excerpts from Battalion Orders and newspaper cuttings relating to winners of the Victoria Cross during the First World War; a photograph album, 1916 – 1917; a souvenir programme of HM King George V’s review of the 47th and 56th Divisions of the TA, July 1922; and a ts memorandum (3pp) on Pioneer Corps preparations for D-Day (Operation Overlord) in June 1944.

MakerName
Gostling

Forenames
B W W

Honours
OBE MC

Style
Colonel

RelatedIWMItems
See full catalogue and also DEAF for his uniform.

Weighting
1

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

WebStatus
published

UncatTransferDate
23/06/2006 12:46:31

URLEncodedDeptName
Documents

Access
Unrestricted

DeptName
Sound

IDNO
12224

ProductionDate
6/Aug/1991

ObjectType
IWM interview

IndexPeople
Turner, Phyllis E xxx
Turner, Pip xxx
Stringer, Phyllis E xxx
Turner, Eric A J

IndexPlaces
GB, England
GB, England & London
GB, England & Hackney, London
NL
NL & Utrecht
DE
DE & Luneburg
DE & Barum
DE & Husen
DE & Bochen

IndexUnits
GB.O & Friends Ambulance Unit, FAU
GB.O & Hospital, Hackney
GB.O & Hospital, Emergency Medical Service, Litchfield
GB.O & Hospital, Princess Elizabeth, Shadwell
GB.O & Midland Assembly Depot

IndexConcepts
Anti war

ShortSummary
British civilian conscientious objector with Friends Ambulance Unit in GB and North West Europe, 1943-1946

FullSummary
REEL 1 Recollections of life, 1920s & 1930s: beginning of pacifist beliefs; membership of FOR and Peace Pledge Union; knowledge of events in Europe; visits to Germany and Austria, 1930s; attitude towards Nazis. Aspects of life, 1939-1943: registration as Conscientious Objector; reads letter from Ministry of Labour and National Services; decision to join Friends Ambulance Unit. Recollections of period with Friends Ambulance Unit, GB, 1943-1945: posting to Hackney hospital; first aid training; work clothes; relations between men and women in FAU.
REEL 2 Continues: attitude towards period with FAU; move to Litchfield Emergency Medical Service Hospital; description of hospital; duties; attitude of other medical staff towards them as COs; pay and financial situation; types of patients in hospital; attitude towards nursing work; desire to work abroad; political activity; training course for relief work at Mount Waltham, Hampstead; work with children at Princess Elizabeth Hospital, Shadwell; awaiting posting abroad at Midland Assembly Depot.
REEL 3 Continues: work whilst waiting to be posted abroad; Recollections of period with Friends Ambulance Unit, Netherlands and Germany, 1945-1946: journey to Netherlands; transporting Displaced Persons home; reception by Dutch people; hearing of activities of Dutch Resistance; living conditions for Dutch people; attitude of Dutch people towards Germans and collaborators; question of reconciliation; move into Germany; situation in Germany; attitude of Germans towards them; living conditions for German people; FAU work in Barum and Luneburg.
REEL 4 Continues: move to Husen; war devastation in Bochen on the Ruhr; living conditions for civilians in Bochen; work of FAU in Bochen; medical problems of children; description of FAU feeding schemes for children; relations between FAU and religious welfare agencies; talking to young Germans at Youth Club; attempts to get extra rations for young German apprentices; visiting German homes; marriage to Eric Turner, Vlotho; health service research; impact of war on her pacifist beliefs. Reflections on Gulf War, 1991: question of mediation and reconciliation; attitude towards Gulf War.
REEL 5 Continues: involvement in anti-Gulf war activities; attitude towards Kuwait; attitude towards work of United Nations. Recollections of life post-1946: difficulties to adapting to normal life; inviting German children to home for holidays; question of depth of Nazi indoctrination; impact of war and work with FAU on life.

ContextDescription
Anti-War Movement

Duration
140

NumberOfParts
5

MakerName
Turner, Phyllis Elvina

ProductionCompany
IWM

MakerGender
Female

Language
English

RelatedIWMItems
Photograph (1991) in file
See IWM Interview with husband, Eric Turner on 12225

RelatedSoundFile
Turner-warandpeace.mp3

Weighting
750
900

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

WebStatus
Published

UncatTransferDate
17 November 2006

URLEncodedDeptName
Sound

Access
IWM copyright

Nationality
British

DigitalAsset
Y

DeptName
Sound

IDNO
13178

ProductionDate
22/Apr/1993

ObjectType
IWM interview

IndexPeople
Musakadic, Sidika xxx
Karadzic, Radovan

IndexPlaces
YU
YU & Sarajevo
BA
BA & Sarajevo

IndexUnits
GB.O & National Peace Council
BA.O & International Peace Centre

IndexConcepts
Refugee
Anti war
War crimes

ShortSummary
Bosnian civilian student living in Sarajevo during Yugloslav civil war, 1991-1993. Escaped to GB, Mar/1993

FullSummary
REEL 1 Aspects of family and educational background. Recollections of life in Sarajevo, Bosnia: cosmopolitan nature of Bosnia and Sarajevo; non-religious Muslim family; question of portrayal of religious dimension of Bosnian conflict by Western media; lack of ethnic divisions pre-war; question of national identity; reaction to events in Soviet Union, late 1980s; reaction to Slovenia and Croatia's calls for independence, 1991; beginning of Yugoslav civil war; domination of army by Serbs; question of women in the military forces; description of Chetniks; Serb nationalism; question of war aims; beginning of war in Bosnia.
REEL 2 Continues: witnessing first shots of war in Sarajevo; death of young Croatian refugee medical student; snipers; 5th column operating in Sarajevo; attitude towards 5th column; shelling of maternity hospital; organisation of a Bosnian army and difficulties faced; leaders in Bosnia, Izbegovic, Karadzic and Boban; opinion of Karadzic; opinion of Boban; role of Milosovic; Croatian Muslim relations; cooperation between Croatians and Serbs; question of weapons embargo.
REEL 3 Continues: question of revenge and retribution; Serbian attitude towards international opinion; question of arms embargo; attitude towards Vance/Owen Peace Plan; question of ethnic cleansing; description of Musakadic family; reaction to bombing and shelling of Sarajevo; impact of war on family; adjusting to wartime life; working at International Peace Centre; food shortages; arrival of humanitarian aid; psychological impact of war; work of International Peace Centre; work with Peace Centre; provision of education during war.
REEL 4 Continues: impact of war on her generation; reaction to death of close male friend; difficulties obtaining water; massacre witnessed by her brother and sister at water point; impact of bread queue massacre; question of perpetrators of bread queue massacre; defending anti-Serb position at Oxford meeting, spring/1993; work gathering statements relating to war crimes for Peace Centre; difficulties reading/hearing about atrocities; rapes of women; problems with number of unwanted children; story of how neighbours turned against each other during war; story of Serb who helped Muslim neighbours; question of rape of children; psychological impact of war.
REEL 5 Continues: question of 'concentration camps'; question of atrocities; war devastation of Sarajevo; description of pre-war Sarajevo; cultural loss in Sarajevo; use of trees for fuel; question of whether war criminals will be brought to justice; role of United Nations in Sarajevo; attitude of people of Sarajevo towards UN; question of military intervention; decision to leave Sarajevo with help of journalist, Christian Marechal; attitude towards leaving.
REEL 6 Recollections of life in GB, 1993: reaction to leaving family; attitude of British people towards her; difficulties of adapting to life in Britain; reaction to seeing/hearing news of war; desire to continue with studies in GB; lack of communication with family; fears for safety of family; participating in lecture tours with National Peace Council; Jewish population in Sarajevo; lessons learnt from war experience; attitude towards possible solution to conflict in Bosnia.

ContextDescription
Civilian Life And War Work Since 1975

Duration
170

NumberOfParts
6

OtherFormats
None

MakerName
Musakadic, Sidika

ProductionCompany
IWM

MakerGender
Female

Language
English

RelatedIWMItems
Photograph (1993) in file

RelatedSoundFile
Musakadic-civilians.mp3
Muskadic-warandpeace.mp3

Weighting
750
900

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction
UnderFire

WebStatus
Published

UncatTransferDate
17 November 2006

URLEncodedDeptName
Sound

Access
IWM copyright

Nationality
Bosnian
Yugoslav

DigitalAsset
Y

DeptName
Sound

IDNO
16611

ProductionDate
14/Mar/1996

ObjectType
IWM interview

IndexPeople
Lavy, Rachel xxx

IndexPlaces
GB, England
GB, England & London
IQ & Kurdistan
HK
HK & High Island
BA
BA & Knin
BA & Bihac
BA & Banja Luka
BA & Sarajevo
TZ
TZ & Ngara

IndexUnits
GB.O & Hospital, Mothers, London
GB.O & Tear Fund
GB.O & Christian Outreach
GB.O & Red Cross
HK.O & High Island Detention Centre
.O & Refugee Camp, Lamsi

IndexConcepts
Medical Services

ShortSummary
British civilian nurse worked for Tear Fund with Iraqi Kurds in Kurdistan, 1992, for Red Cross with Vietnamese refugees in Hong Kong, 1992 and for International Committee for Red Cross in Bosnia, 1993-1994, and with Rwandan refugees at Lamasi Camp in Tanzania, 1994

FullSummary
REEL 1 Aspects of family and educational background. Recollections of nursing training: decision to become a nurse; nursing training; training as midwife at Mother's Hospital London; working as community midwife; reaction to television reports on situation of Iraqi Kurds after Gulf War; contacting Tear Fund and volunteering to go to Kurdistan; reasons for interest in humanitarian work; preparations; reasons for leaving job. Recollections of period with Tear Fund aid team, Kurdistan, 1992: first impressions of area; living conditions of Kurds; training the Kurdish midwife trainers; medical equipment; coping with weather conditions; devastation of Kurdish villages.
REEL 2 accommodation for Tear Fund team; living conditions for Kurds; attitude of Kurds towards western world; experiencing Muslim attitudes towards gender; precautions against possible attacks by Iraqi extremists; Iraqi atrocities towards Kurdish people; relationship with interpreters; attitude towards work of Red Cross teams in area; attitude towards leaving Kurdistan; lack of information on situation there in late 1990s; divisions within Kurdish community; joining Red Cross on return to GB.
REEL 3 Continues: Red Cross training. Recollections of period with Red Cross Hong Kong, 1992-1993: decision of Red Cross to send her to High Island Detention Centre for Vietnamese refugees, Hong Kong; living conditions at camp; violence between refugees; dilemma of using sophisticated medical treatment; learning how to examine patients, diagnose problems and treatment; conditions in segregation unit; medical problems of refugees; attitude of refugees towards possibility of repatriation; relationship with refugees; location of camps; relationship with interpreters; refugees memories of conditions on boats to Hong Kong; comparison of life with Red Cross to NHS; pay situation; decision to leave Hong Kong after six months; desire to go to Bosnia.
REEL 4 Recollections of period with ICRC in Bosnia, 1993-1994: briefings in London, Geneva and Zagreb; question of neutrality of Red Cross; duties as field nurse visiting hospitals and organising medical supplies; regular shelling of hospitals in Knin and Bihac areas; different ethnic groups and relations between them; move to Banja Luka; strength of nationalist Serbs in area; evidence of ethnic cleansing (by all sides); attitude towards being unable to protect people; duties attending to women who had been raped or beaten; unwillingness of the injured to go to Serb hospitals for treatment.
REEL 5 Continues: story of family where husband was beaten to death and wife raped; attitude towards not being able to speak out about atrocities; difficulties for relief organisations in Bosnia; psychological impact of rape; opinion of young , male interpreter, Sasha Gajic; story of 13 year old girl that had been raped; treatment of elderly people living in pink zones in Bihac area; discovering of body of old lady murdered and dumped in well; learning of what life was like pre-war from civilians; move to Sarajevo, 3/1994; difficulties getting into Sarajevo; war devastation of city.
REEL 6 Continues: rules regarding cameras; impressions on first drive through city; food rations; description of her interpreter, Boris; ethnic divisions in medical world; occasion when she narrowly escaped being shot by Serb; working with prisoners; psychological and physical condition of prisoners; importance of work with prisoners; types of prisoners; story of three student friends who ended up fighting for different sides.
REEL 7 Continues: story of elderly Serb lady who was detaining a Muslim lady in her home; evidence of beatings in jails; lack of co-ordination between relief agencies in Bosnia; attitude towards work of UNHCR; attitude towards air strikes; attitude towards international policy towards Bosnia; desire to return to Bosnia; stress of living in Sarajevo; leave periods in Croatia; adapting life in war zone; reaction witnessing man shot by sniper; attitude towards media; opinion of Martin Bell (says Martyn Lewis but means Bell); learning of Rwandan massacres; question of genocide. Recollections of period in Lamasi Camp, Ngara, Tanzania, 1994: background to refugee camps.
REEL 8 Continues: organisation of aid in Tanzania; Rwandan Hutu refugee population at camps; attempts of refugees to build shelters and improve living conditions; attitude of Tanzanian government to refugees; food rations; unwillingness of refugees to return to Rwanda; involvement of Hutu refugees in massacre of Tutsis; dangers for relief workers in camps after dark; training of militias in camps; opinion that civil war would re-start if refugees returned; brutal nature of killings; attitude towards work in Bosnia and Tanzania; belief in need for reconciliation and forgiveness. Reflections on aid work: plans to continue humanitarian work and start post graduate study on conflict; impact of aid work on her life and personality.

ContextDescription
Civilian Life and War Work, 1975-2005

Duration
230

NumberOfParts
8

OtherFormats
None

MakerName
Lavy, Rachel

ProductionCompany
IWM

MakerGender
Female

Language
English

RelatedIWMItems
Photograph (1996) in file
See also other IWM interviews 18553 and 22097

RelatedSoundFile
016611S01.mp3
Lavy1-warandpeace.mp3

Weighting
750
900

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

WebStatus
Published

UncatTransferDate
17 November 2006

URLEncodedDeptName
Sound

Access
IWM copyright

Nationality
British

DigitalAsset
Y

DeptName
Sound

IDNO
20665

ProductionDate
15/Sep/2000

ObjectType
IWM interview

IndexPeople
Dowling, John R xxx

IndexPlaces
CA
GB, England
GB, England & London
SB
SB & Kosovo
SB & Pristina

IndexUnits
Kosovo.A & Kosovo Liberation Army

IndexConcepts
Artist

ShortSummary
Canadian civilian artist visited Kosovo during period of Albanian-Serb tension, 2000; discussion of paintings resulting from visit

FullSummary
REEL 1 Background in Canada and GB prior to 2000: family; education; decision to travel after completing studies; travelling through Yugoslavia; employment as technician at Victoria and Albert Museum; attitude towards Art establishment; artistic interest in conflict; influence of artist grandfather who served during First World War and war artist relative, Cyril Berraud; meeting documentary film maker, Kersti Uibo; invitation to accompany Uibo to Kosovo. Recollections of period as civilian artist in Kosovo, spring 2000: journey to Kosovo; entering country; obtaining KFOR pass.
REEL 2 Continues: sight of wrecked vehicles, household items and mass graves of Kosovan Liberation Army along roads; first impressions of Pristina; question of fear; difficulties finding accommodation; living conditions; food supplies; role in assisting Kirsti; finding transport; period at Grancanica (Serb) Monastery; Kirsti's attitude towards Father Sava's political activity; refugees staying at Monastery; relations between Albanians and Serbs; making sketches whilst at Monastery; preference of producing paintings rather than taking photographs.
REEL 3 Continues: problems with mines and other live ordnance left on land; gradual improvement in living conditions over two month stay; devastation of buildings in Pristina; rebuilding work and prefabricated houses; tense situation re use of Serbo Croat or Albanian language; attitude of local people towards their work; willingness of people to talk about their experiences; story of refugee woman who asked him to photograph her paralysed son; visiting refugee camp at Prizren; description of camp; conditions in camp.
REEL 4 Continues: conditions in camp; atmosphere in camp; story of how emotional performance of young refugee opera singer caused them to stop filming in camp; psychological impact of situation on refugees; position of Serbs in Kosovo today; attitude of Albanians towards NATO air strikes in 1999; question of ethnic cleansing; question of existence of KLA 'mafia'; situation of children in area; attending KFOR press briefings; importance of distinguishing selves from media; relationship with KFOR and NGOs; meeting up with his brother working for KFOR in area.
REEL 5 Continues: meeting up with brother; impressions of KFOR Russians; living conditions of KFOR Americans at 'Bondsteel' camp; story of 'Village of Women' where all the men had been killed; attitude of Albanian Kosovans towards future and coming elections; attitude of Albanians towards NATO; completing 6 paintings whilst in Kosovo; leaving 2 paintings in Pristina for exhibition and for Bishop Artemje; contrast of life inside Gracanica Monastery with that outside; attitude towards number of Serb churches destroyed; political situation today; position of Kosovan Serbs; attitude of Kosovan Albanians towards Serbs; attitude towards returning to GB; psychological impact of period in Kosovo.
REEL 6 Continues: aims when producing paintings re Kosovo; symbols that sum up situation in Kosovo. Description of and background to his paintings: painting of lorries queuing at border in Macedonia; interest in portraying human as well as military side of situation; painting of Swedish KFOR soldier guarding Gracanica Monastery; strong image of soldier; painting of Canadian escort for medical team; painting of Italian KFOR soldier protecting Decani Monastery; first impressions of Monastery; story of how Albanian driver entered the Monastery; use of colour; painting of a minefield; impressions of mine clearance; impact of mines on countryside; painting of US Marine on exercise; painting of Canadian medical team at converted cattle farm; process of converting farm into refugee camp; voluntary work of KFOR personnel; painting of paralysed man, son and mother.
REEL 7 Continues: attitude of refugees towards each other at camps; painting of queue of people waiting for ID cards; painting of elderly Muslim woman in Peja; contrast between attitude of elderly and young in Kosovo; painting of stray dogs; how stray dogs were a common sight; painting of dead, half eaten Russian soldier; attitude towards painting this scene; continuation of attacks on Serbs; painting of burning rubbish; amount of rubbish littering country; painting of abandoned Serb village; using child's palette of paints found in village to add colour to painting; painting of child's wellington boots; picture of kitchen inside of looted, burnt house.
REEL 8 Continues: calling painting of burnt kitchen 'Preserves'; reasons for not generally giving titles to paintings; painting of destroyed mountain village; story of visiting this village with KFOR man; family still living in village; common sight of yellow mine tape; aim to produce about 100 small paintings on Kosovo and plans for exhibition; impact of visit to Kosovo on his art; difficulty of explaining situation in Kosovo to those who have not been there.

ContextDescription
Artists in an Age of Conflict

Duration
230

NumberOfParts
8

OtherFormats
None

MakerName
Dowling, John Richard

ProductionCompany
IWM

MakerGender
Male

Language
English

RelatedIWMItems
see

RelatedSoundFile
020665S01.mp3
Dowling-warandpeace.mp3

Weighting
750
900

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

WebStatus
Published

UncatTransferDate
17 November 2006

URLEncodedDeptName
Sound

Access
IWM copyright

Nationality
Canadian

DigitalAsset
Y

DeptName
Sound

IDNO
21608

ProductionDate
30/Apr/2001

ObjectType
IWM interview

IndexPeople
Hart, Michael xxx

IndexPlaces
DE
DE & Berlin
DE & Munich
DE & Weiden
YU
YU & Belgrade
YU & Sarajevo
YU & Dubrovnic
SU

IndexUnits
DE.O & School, Lysee Francais
DE.O & School, Landerziehungshiem Schondorf
US.A
UN.O & United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Association, UNRRA

ShortSummary
British civilian of Anglo-German parentage living in Germany, 1939-1945. Work with American forces and UNRRA in Germany, 1945-1946. Post-war visits to Yugoslavia and Soviet Union

FullSummary
REEL 1 Aspects of family background. Recollections of life in Germany, 1939-1945: father's work for railways; joining College Francais; atmosphere at school during early war years; treatment of Jewish pupils at school; anti-Nazi stance of family; limits on freedom of speech; hearing of concentration camps, 1943; move to Landerziehungshiem Schondorf boarding school; attitude towards school; impact of new Nazi headmaster on school; Nazi beliefs of headmaster. REEL 2 Continues: story of visiting school post-war to find it housing concentration camp survivors; fate of headmaster post-war; lack of allied bombing raids in area; helping to clear up after air raids in Munich. Recollections of period working with American forces and UNRRA in Germany: meeting up with American troops; opinion of American troops; efficiency of German civil service; interpreting work for American forces; question of de-Nazification; joining UNRRA, summer 1945; problems with UNRRAs plans for repatriation of Displaced Persons; difficulties of dealing with Eastern European DPs; formation of UNRRA university in Munich; taking entrance exam for UNRRA university. REEL 3 Continues: move to Weiden; problems with repatriation; duties in administration centre; atmosphere in UNRRA DP camps; morale among DPs; physical condition of DPs; cases of retribution by DPs against suspected Nazi collaborators; organisation of camps; number of men and women on UNRRA staff; opinion of first UNRRA Director; lack of language skills among UNRRA personnel; attitude towards work with UNRRA. REEL 4 Continues: story of DP that became wealthy from black market; development of Munich into cultural centre post-war; impact of UNRRA experience on life and career; consideration of self as European; attitude towards work of UNRRA. Further recollections of life in Germany, 1939-1945: official news provided to German public; morale of German public; lack of alternative sources of information. Aspects of student life at Oxford, post-war. REEL 5 Recollections of travels in Yugoslavia, : first visit to Yugoslavia, 1950; journey from Trieste to Belgrade; contact with William Deakin; staying with Tito's wartime interpreter in Sarajevo; popularity of Tito in Yugoslavia; optimism in Yugoslavia in early 1950s; failure of Yugoslavia's market socialist system and workers councils; failure of communist regime to solve ethnic tensions; writing articles on Yugoslavia for Isis, the Oxford journal; occasion when protected by police during riots in Trieste. REEL 6 Continues: variations between different parts of Yugoslavia; language situation; attitude towards problems in Yugoslavia during 1990s; attitude towards failure of Yugoslav socialism. Recollections of trip to Soviet Union, 1958/1959: accompanying school trip to USSR; experience of Soviet propaganda; ordinary Russian attitude towards Stalin despite de-Stalinisation; Soviet acceptance of propaganda as truth; growing freedom in Khrushchev era; erosion of this freedom during Brezhnev era; optimism in USSR during 1960s. REEL 7 variations on systems in communist countries; Western world's view of communist countries as uniform whole; attitude towards collapse of communist bloc in Eastern Europe; question of whether Cold War is over; attitude towards American Foreign policy in 2001.

ContextDescription
Nazi Europe, 1933-1945
Civilian Life and War Work Since 1945

Duration
210

NumberOfParts
7

OtherFormats
None

MakerName
Hart, Michael

ProductionCompany
IWM

MakerGender
Male

Language
English

RelatedIWMItems
Photographs (c2001) in file

RelatedSoundFile
Hart-warandpeace.mp3

Weighting
750
900

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

WebStatus
Published

UncatTransferDate
17 November 2006

URLEncodedDeptName
Sound

Access
IWM copyright

Nationality
British

DigitalAsset
Y

DeptName
Sound

IDNO
22097

ProductionDate
10/Aug/2001

ObjectType
IWM interview

IndexPeople
Lavy, Rachel xxx

IndexPlaces
GB, England
GB, England & London
SB
SB & Pristina
IN & East Timor
SL
SL & Bo
TR
TR & Duzce
KE
KE & Nairobi

IndexUnits
GB.O & Merlin
GB.O & Department for International Development, DFID
GB.O & Department for International Development, Emergency Response Team
FR.O & Medicins Sans Frontiers, MSF
US.O & International Medical Corps, IMC

ShortSummary
British civilian relief worker with Department for International Development Emergency Response Team in Kosovo, East Timor; Turkey, and Sierra Leone, 1998-2000 and with International Medical Corps in Kenya, 2000

FullSummary
REEL 1 Recollections of period with Merlin in Kosovo, Autumn 1998: difficulties getting into Kosovo; situation in Kosovo; behaviour of Serbs towards ethnic Albanians; hospital system in Pristina; inadequacy of Albanian Mother Theresa Hospital; Merlin proposal to set up mobile clinics; cooperation between various NGOs in Kosovo; attitude of Serbian officials towards her; attitude towards eventual western intervention in Kosovo, 1999. Recollections of period with Department for International Development, Emergency Response Team, GB and Kosovo, 1999: role of DFID; Merlin's lack of funding compared to Medicins Sans Frontiers; opinion of MSF. REEL 2 Continues: contrast between working for DFID and Merlin; DFID personnel; selection to go to Kosovo just as conflict was ending; journey into Kosovo; war devastation in area; atmosphere in Pristina; precautions against mines and booby traps; accommodation; position as only woman in team; nature of KLA and Mafia organisations; situation in Pristina; beginning of Serb exodus; relations between Albanian and Serb staff in Pristina Hospital; conditions in hospital; dealing with problem of mortuary overflowing with dead bodies; relations with Albanian mortuary staff. REEL 3 Continues: problems with inadequacy of training/knowledge of Albanian doctors; introducing teams of experts to help hospital staff; role of Professor Tony Redman; conditions in hospital; relations between Serb and Albanian staff; mine casualties; protection of Serb casualties against KLA; increasing use of maternity facilities at hospital by Albanian women; danger of mines; aid efforts of other organisations and individuals; impact of opening of mass graves; demanding nature of her duties; problems of paying Kosovan staff in hospital; writing medical report for DFID; increasing use of mobile phones; contacts with KFOR; opinion of General Jackson; checkpoints in Pristina; difficulties crossing US checkpoints at border between Kosovo and Macedonia. REEL 4 Continues: recall from Kosovo; attitude towards leaving Kosovo; contacts with Media whilst in Kosovo. Recollections of period with DFID in East Timor, 9/1999: situation in East Timor; role of British and their Norwegian counterparts; journey from Australia to East Timor; destruction of UN compound in Dili; situation in Dili; recruiting local labour to help prepare compound; restriction on number of UN and NGO personnel allowed into compound; burying charred body of baby; influx of NGO personnel and lack of accommodation; opinion of Australian troops. REEL 5 Continues: opinion of Australian troops; contrast between Australian troops and Gurkhas; rumours of atrocities committed by Indonesian militia; visiting clinics in hills; taking risk to visit mother and baby in jungle; leaving East Timor; impressions of East Timor; attitude towards Australian troops; pay situation. Recollections of period in Turkey with DFID, 11/1999: response of Turkish authorities to second earthquake; providing support for UN disaster assessment team; poor standard of buildings in Istanbul; impressions of Duzce 48 hours after earthquake; work of search and rescue teams; mobile phones ringing in rubble; accommodation in tent; after shocks; impact of earthquake on hospitals in area. REEL 6 Continues: question of risk of public health problems after earthquake; coordination of aid effort; distribution of information from UN disaster assessment team to aid agencies; aid sent by Greece; Rachel's own role. Recollections of period with DFID in Sierra Leone, 1-5/2000: role of DFID in demobilisation; posting to Gondama Camp near Bo to disarm Civilian Defence Force; description of disarmament system; collapse of disarmament programme due to violence at RUF camp, Mkeni, 5/2000; decision of UN to withdraw it's personnel; attitude towards leaving Godama camp; evacuation by helicopter; dangers for five DFID colleagues held hostage in Mkeni; colleagues' escape from Mkeni. REEL 7 Continues: colleagues' escape from Mkeni; attempts to comfort traumatised colleagues; reaction to hearing of advance of Rebels on Freetown; evacuation by helicopter; attempts to comfort traumatised colleagues; nature of RUF, initiation rites and atrocities; belief that British Government was right to try and help in Sierra Leone; types of weapons given up rebels; destruction and disposal of weapons; desire to continue humanitarian work despite dangers; reasons for leaving DFID before contract expired. Recollections of period with International Medical Corps in Kenya, 2000: joining American NGO, IMC as Regional Health Advisor for East Africa; role of IMC. REEL 8 Continues: duties; attitude towards working for IMC; deciding to resign after six months; plans for the future; contrast between American and British humanitarian organisations. Aspects of contacts with the Media: contrast between humanitarian role and media role; change in attitude towards the media; memories of Martin Bell, Kurt Schork Kate Adie and Christiane Amanpeur.

ContextDescription
Civilian Life and War Work Since 1975

Duration
240

NumberOfParts
8

OtherFormats
None

MakerName
Lavy, Rachel

ProductionCompany
IWM

MakerGender
Female

Language
English

RelatedIWMItems
See two earlier IWM interviews with Rachel Lavy on her aid work up to 1998 on 16611 & 18553

RelatedSoundFile
Lavy2-warandpeace.mp3

Weighting
750
900

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

WebStatus
Published

UncatTransferDate
17 November 2006

URLEncodedDeptName
Sound

Access
IWM copyright

Nationality
British

DigitalAsset
Y

DeptName
Sound

IDNO
22194

ProductionDate
7/Sep/2001

ObjectType
IWM interview

IndexPeople
Arnold, Evelyn J S xxx

IndexPlaces
GB, England
PL
RO
Macedonia
Macedonia & Skopje
SB & Kosovo
SB & Pristina, Kosovo
SB & Suhareka, Kosovo
SB & Mitrovica, Kosovo
SB & Decani, Kosovo
SB & Gracanica, Kosovo

IndexUnits
GB.O & British Government, Social Security Department
UN.O & United Nations Interim Administration In Kosovo, UNMIK
NT.A & KFOR
Kosovo.A & Kosovo Liberation Army

ShortSummary
British civilian worked with United Nations Interim Administration in Kosovo, UNMIK, Kosovo, 1999-2001

FullSummary
REEL 1 Various aspects of family and educational background. Aspects of period with Social Security Dept, from 1984: details of duties; changes in social security policy throughout 1980s; introduction of 'means testing'. Recollections of period as social security consultant for World Bank in Poland, Romania and Macedonia, 1991-1996: social security situation in Eastern European countries after fall of communism; duties as social security consultant; impressions of Poland and Romania; attempts of Romanians to make a good impression on western visitors; conditions in Romanian orphanages.
REEL 2 Continues: situation for Romanian orphanages; trafficking of Romanian children; reasons for high number of orphans in Romania; problems with HIV and Aids among orphans; problems with inappropriate aid sent to Romania; conditions in Romanian orphanages; types of aid needed by Romania and other such countries; problems of aid given by aid agencies that worked against official aid policy. Recollections of period with United Nations Interim Administration In Kosovo, UNMIK, 10/1999-6/2001: secondment to Kosovo, Oct/1999.
REEL 3 Continues: decision to apply for job in Kosovo; interview; obtaining report on World Bank mission to Kosovo; preparations to go to Kosovo; journey to Macedonia; journey from Skopje to Pristina; terrain; difficulties of crossing border between Macedonia and Kosovo; first impressions of Kosovo; first impressions of Pristina; conditions in UNMIK hotel; check-in procedure and briefings with UN; how new arrivals had to find their own jobs.
REEL 4 Continues: attending conferences for international workers; decision to join Social Security Dept; employment as assistant to Head of Social Security, Bridget Dommen, Geneva Hospital Trust; difficulties finding accommodation; sharing house with 3 male American UN workers; system of separate social service networks for Albanians and Serbs in Kosovo; aid work of Mother Theresa Society and Kosovar Red Cross, KKK; role of Centres for Social Work; system of social security benefits; role of World Bank.
REEL 5 Continues: setting up social security scheme; communication problems, Autumn 1999; description of five different regions in Kosovo; role of KFOR; description of four pillars of UNMIK government; pay system for Kosovan staff; problems of obtaining currency; system of social assistance payouts; role of UN volunteers; lack of office accommodation; decision to buy computer equipment for each municipality.
REEL 6 Continues: buying computers; contacts with regions and municipalities; visit to Suhareka; emergency scheme for benefit payouts; means of identifying the needy; KFOR assistance in escorting money; difficulties in implementing benefit scheme; counting and bagging up money; transporting money to municipalities; success of scheme.
REEL 7 Continues: living conditions for people in Kosovo; deserted villages destroyed during conflict; importance of extended family; reconstruction of homes; high level of unemployment; employment of unemployed in reconstruction project; move of large numbers of people to towns and impact; Kosovar Albanian culture, code of the 'Dujkini'; care of war orphans by families and neighbours; Serb culture; emigration of young Serbs from Kosovo; poverty of Serbs Mitrovica.
REEL 8 Continues: rise of criminal activity; problems with lack of security personnel; formation of Albanian police force and role of international volunteers; role of English speaking Kosovans as interpreters; transport problems; problems of communication; face to face system of contact; difficulties and delay in helping needy; formation of rules and procedure in practise; social welfare budget.
REEL 9 Continues: reaction to returning to GB for leave, Christmas 1999; winter weather conditions in Kosovo, 1/2000; shortage of electricity; wood supplies; conditions in office; problems with vermin; absence of system of rubbish disposal; plans to merge UN administration with local administration; description of two main political parties, LDK and PDK; merge of Social Welfare Dept with Health Dept; desire of Kosovans for independence; devising permanent scheme to replace Emergency Assistance Programme; recruiting Kosovan staff for Centres for Social Work.
REEL 10 Continues: role of Gary Westwater in forming social policy for children; pay situation for Kosovans; visiting Centres for Social Work; development of links between social centres and municipalities; problems of winter illnesses among International workers; KFOR decision to deliver funds to Social Centres by helicopter; story of helicopter ride around Kosovo delivering money to various regions; end of emergency assistance scheme, 4/2000 and question of it's success.
REEL 11 Continues: media interest in abandoned babies; problems of abandoned babies; adoption policy; recruitment and training of staff for Centres for Social Work; promotion to Deputy Co-Director; involvement with World Food Programme; plan to reduce Kosovan reliance on food aid; relations between UNMIK and NGOs; role of NGOs; co-ordination of work of NGOs.
REEL 12 Continues: standardisation of system; direction of resources into Serbian areas; difficulties of co-operation with social security centres in Serbian areas; setting up of group to look at needs of ethnic minorities; attitude towards Roma across Eastern Europe; attempts to provide assistance ethnic minority groups; difficulties of setting up training programmes for Serbs; lack of freedom of movement for Serbs; attempts to provide equal treatment for Serbs/Albanians.
REEL 13 Continues: war devastation of rural areas and reconstruction; KLA memorials to those killed in conflict; mass graves; reorganisation of KLA into TMK; attitude of Kosovar Albanians towards KLA; question of KLA funding; attitude towards KLA memorials; introduction of scheme of assistance to war invalids and families of those killed; attempts to set up neutral/non-politicised civil service system; tradition of patronage; attitude towards pending government elections; legacy of old socialist system; attitude towards municipal elections, 2000; US pressure for democratic elections.
REEL 14 Continues: hearing stories about conflict from Kosovan colleagues; background to conflict; relations between various ethnic groups, particularly Serbs and Albanians; attitude of Albanians towards fall of President Milosovic; influx of refugees from Presovov, 2001; border problems; influx of refugees from Macedonia, spring 2001; increase of anti-Albanian attitude in Macedonia; visits to Decani monastery.
REEL 15 Continues: Serbian churches destroyed during conflict; visit to Gracanica monastery with Jenny Wood; social life; Albanian cultural life; weddings and funerals; mine/ordnance clearance programme; sings of NATO bombing; question of precision bombing; growing use of mobile phones; improvement of communications; re-emergence of public utilities; selecting goods from South Korean catalogue of aid resources; media coverage of reconstruction.
REEL 16 Continues: use of local media by UNMIK to disseminate information; decision to leave Kosovo; achievements of Social Security Dept; improvements in mental institutions, old people's homes and social housing; question of child abuse and domestic violence; work to improve conditions at Shtime mental institution; attitude towards her work in Kosovo; relationship with colleagues.
REEL 17 Continues: leave; question of hazard pay; dangers of life in Pristina; terrorist attacks in Pristina; visa problems for International workers; question of Asylum seekers; plans to keep in touch with Kosovo.

ContextDescription
Civilian Life and War Work, 1975-2005

Duration
510

NumberOfParts
17

OtherFormats
None

MakerName
Arnold, Evelyn Jean Selby

ProductionCompany
IWM

MakerGender
Female

Language
English

RelatedIWMItems
See IWM interview with Jenny Wood on 22157
Photograph (2001) in file

RelatedSoundFile
022194S01.mp3
022194S02.mp3
Arnold-remembrance.mp3
Arnold-warandpeace.mp3

Weighting
750
900

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction
Memorials

WebStatus
Published

UncatTransferDate
17 November 2006

URLEncodedDeptName
Sound

Access
IWM copyright

Nationality
British

DigitalAsset
Y

DeptName
Sound

IDNO
22686

ProductionDate
14/Mar/2002

ObjectType
IWM interview

IndexPeople
Anderson, Bette xxx
Anderson, Bessie D xxx

IndexPlaces
GB, England
GB, England & Stonehouse, Glos
GB, England & Forest of Dean
GB, England & Cotswold
GB, England & Cirencester
GB, England & Devon
DE
DE & Hamburg
DE & Nordheim
DE & Escherhausen

IndexUnits
GB.O & Women's Land Army, WLA
GB.O & Women's Timber Corps, WTC
GB.O & School, Park End Forestry
GB.O & Sudeley Castle
GB.O & North German Timber Control, NGTC
US.F & United States Air Force, USAF
GB.O & Lifeline

IndexConcepts
Evacuee

ShortSummary
British civilian worked with Women's Timber Corps, Forest of Dean, 1940-1945. Worked with North German Timber Control, 1946-1949 and with YMCA in Germany, 1952-1955. Worked as Refugee Relief Officer with Lifeline in GB, 1950s

FullSummary
REEL 1 Aspects of family and educational background. Aspects of life, 1930s: employment; reaction to outbreak of war; decision to join the Women's Land Army. Recollections of period with Women's Timber Corps, 1940-: joining Forestry Section of Women's Land Army as Timber Measurer; move to Park End Forestry School, 4/1940; story of how Forestry Section was separated from WLA and renamed Women's Timber Corps; training; attitude of Forestry Commission men towards work of WTC; uniform and kit; duties; pay; question of accidents and safety precautions.
REEL 2 Continues: injuries and recuperation; heavy physical nature of work; daily routine; role of 'Pole Cats'; calculating wages; impact of weather conditions on work; living accommodation; relations with male colleagues; coping with sexual advances; felling trees on private estates; attitude towards working in forests; nature of forests during war; problems of handling wood; wildlife; availability of woodland fruits.
REEL 3 Continues: problems for evacuees in area in adapting to country life; work on Sudeley Castle Estate; finding accommodation; Timber Measuring duties; work in acquisition of timber; work in Saw Mills, Cirencester and Devon; social life; living conditions for people in countryside; food and clothing rations; VE-Day celebrations; reaction to end of war; abortive attempt to start degree in Forestry; lack of opportunities for ex WTC women; applying to join North German Timber Control. Recollections of period with North German Timber Control, Germany, 1946-1949: war devastation in Hamburg; accommodation in mess.
REEL 4 Continues: living conditions in mess; lack of preparation for arrival of British forestry workers; organisation of NGTC; lack of contact with German population; move to Nordheim; working on census of timber industry equipment; Displaced Persons working with NGTC; work of Quakers; morale of German people; rules against fraternisation with German people; contacts with young people at Youth Hostel in Escherhausen; work in personnel dept for Intelligence; question of Nazism.
REEL 5 Continues: impact of Berlin Blockade/Airlift; plans for evacuation should Russians advance; use of interpreters; return to GB. Recollections of period of life and work, GB, 1949-1952: rejection for job as Timber Buyer in favour of former POW; story of how she was turned down for job due to gender; clerical work on Duke of Westminster's estate. Recollections of work with YMCA service clubs, Germany, 1952-1955: needs of young National Service men; duties; friendship with Russian girl. Recollections of work in GB, from 1955: work at USAF service clubs.
REEL 6 Continues: difficulties for Americans in adapting to life in Britain; working as Refugee Relief officer with 'Lifeline' organisation; duties; story of Polish refugee girl given a holiday in Britain; attitude towards refugee situation in Britain today; employment as Farm and Estate Secretary at Boyton. Reflections on women's war work: lack of recognition of work of WTC; researching and writing her book on women's war work, 'We Just Got On With It' published in 1994.
REEL 7 Continues: difficulties getting book published; impact of Second World War on women; memories she met while researching her book; question of material collected by IWM on women's work during WW2; attitude towards Mass Observation; importance of oral history;

ContextDescription
Civilian Life And War Work, 1939-1945
Civilian Life And War Work Since 1945

Duration
200

NumberOfParts
7

OtherFormats
None

MakerName
Anderson, 'Bette' Bessie Doreen

ProductionCompany
IWM

MakerGender
Female

Language
English

RelatedIWMItems
Photograph (2002) in file

RelatedSoundFile
Anderson-warandpeace.mp3

Weighting
750
900

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

WebStatus
Published

UncatTransferDate
17 November 2006

URLEncodedDeptName
Sound

Access
Educational use only

Nationality
British

DigitalAsset
Y

DeptName
Sound

IDNO
23362

ProductionDate
2/Jul/2002

ObjectType
IWM interview

IndexPeople
Cheverton, Elaine P xxx

IndexPlaces
GB, England
IN
IN & Hyderabad
IN & Quetta
IN & Shillong
BU
BU & Cox's Bazaar
BU & Akyab
BU & Rangoon
JP
JP & Kure
JP & Matsui
JP & Hiroshima

IndexUnits
GB.A & Women's Auxiliary Service Burma, WASB

IndexConcepts
Nuclear warfare

ShortSummary
British NCO served with Women's Auxiliary Service Burma in India, Burma and Japan, 1942-1946

FullSummary
REEL 1 Aspects of family background. Recollections of life in GB & India, 1920s & 1942: attending boarding school in GB; father's service with army on North West Frontier, India; languages spoken; lifestyle in India; social customs; attitude towards life at boarding school, GB; return to India, 1939; obtaining job at Army HQ. REEL 2 Continues: work with Army; working as PA to Resident in Hyderabad; attitude towards social life; move to Quetta; meeting Freya Stark. Recollections of period with Women's Auxiliary Service Burma, India and Burma, 1942-1946: hearing of WASB; joining WASB; journey to Shillong; work of Nin Taylor and Lois St John; attachment of WASB to 14th Army; uniform; living conditions; food supplies and rations; system of rank; relationship with troops; morale of troops; work of Mountbatten. REEL 3 Continues: Mountbatten's speech to troops; accommodation in Imphal; evacuation from Imphal during Japanese advance; work at Milestone 82 during battle of Kohima; cooking dead mule's liver; memories of Chindits; posting to Cox's Bazaar; receiving visit from Lady Mountbatten; move to Akyab; Japanese bombing of area; living conditions; Japanese bombing; attitude of Allied troops towards American troops; role of Naga hill tribes and other local peoples. REEL 4 Continues: coping with Monsoon; description of canteen vehicles; goods supplied to troops; keeping accounts; tiring nature of work; drivers of mobile canteens; social life; ENSA concerts in area; popularity of Gert and Daisy; attitude towards Vera Lyn; attitude of troops towards ENSA performers; relations between troops and WASB women; news of wars progress; deaths of two WASB women; visits from Nin Taylor; attitude of Generals Silm, Scoones and Stopford towards WASB. REEL 5 Continues: attitude towards war in Europe; question of whether war in far east 'forgotten'; move to Rangoon; work with POWs of Japanese returning from camps; condition of former POWs; distributing clothing to former POWs; caution in feeding former POWs; attitude of troops towards former POWs; story of how Burmese sold possessions left by British after evacuation back to British post-war; attending handing over of swords ceremony; attitude towards new WASBs recruited towards end of war; decision to continue serving with WASB post war. Recollections of period with WASB in Japan, 1946: journey to Japan. REEL 6 Continues: attitude of British troops towards Japanese; running canteen for troops of 2nd bn Dorset Regt, Matsui; impressions of Japanese society and culture; attitude towards Japanese women; accommodation in Japanese home; attitude towards Japanese; Japanese attitude towards defeat; visit to Hiroshima; sight of devastation in Hiroshima; attitude towards dropping of atomic bombs; lack of knowledge of radiation; searching through rubble; devastation of Hiroshima; attitude of Japanese towards WASB women; strike by Japanese dockers at Kure. REEL 7 Continues: canteen at Kure; demobilisation, 8/1946. Aspects of life post-war: return to GB; difficulties adjusting to civilian life; maintaining contact with former WASBs; receiving mention in dispatches; attitude of authorities and troops towards WASB role during war; attitude towards work with WASB; clothes rationing post-war.

ContextDescription
Civilian Life And War Work, 1939-1945

Duration
210

NumberOfParts
7

OtherFormats
None

MakerName
Cheverton, Elaine Penn

ProductionCompany
IWM

MakerGender
Female

Language
English

RelatedIWMItems
Documents in Documents Dept
Uniform Items in Exhibits and Firearms
See another interview with Elaine Cheverton on 22631
Photographs (1942 & 2002) in file

RelatedSoundFile
Cheverton-warandpeace.mp3

Weighting
750
900

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

WebStatus
Published

UncatTransferDate
17 November 2006

URLEncodedDeptName
Sound

Access
IWM copyright

Nationality
British

DigitalAsset
Y

DeptName
Exhibits

IDNO
CUR 16850

ProductionDate
1948

ItemName
Special Army Currency, One Mark, Germany

ObjectType
currency

IndexHistPeriod
1945 - 1975

FullSummary
On June 20 1948, the three Western Powers, the USA, UK, and France, instituted a currency reform which was motivated by the disparity in the real value of the mark between East and West, and growing East-West discord. On 21 June 1948, the Western Powers withdrew existing occupation notes which were replaced by new military currency. On 24 June the Soviet Union began the Blockade of West Berlin, and the Allied Airlift began on 26 June. The Blockade was not lifted until 12 May, 1949.

ProductionCompany
Forbes Lithograph Manufacturing Corporation

RelatedIWMItems
CUR 16848-16849

RelatedImageFile
CUR_016850.jpg

Weighting
1

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

UncatTransferDate
23/02/2009 05:51:12

URLEncodedDeptName
Exhibits

FormatDescription
Special Army Currency, One Mark, German

Access
On display at IWM London

IndexEvent
Berlin Airlift 1948-1949, Cold War

Theme
Berlin 1945-1989
Germany post-1945

CoLStatus
Ready

DeptName
Exhibits

IDNO
EPH 467

ItemName
Berlin wall section

ObjectType
misc

IndexPlaces
Germany-Berlin

IndexHistPeriod
1945 - 1975
1976 - 2000

FullSummary
Small section of the Berlin Wall, taken from the Brandenburg Gate, on which the main item of graffiti is 'CHANGE YOUR LIFE' by the graffiti artist ‘Indiano’. This 'motto' may have been inspired by the ending of the poem, 'Archaischer Torso Apollos' ('Torso of an Archaic Apollo') by the German poet Rainer Maria Rilke (1875-1926) which concludes with the words 'Du musst dein leben δndern',' which translated means 'You must change your life.'
At the end of the Second World War, Berlin was divided into four zones of occupation controlled respectively by Britain, France, the United States and the Soviet Union. Access to Berlin was allowed along specific corridors from West Germany. The Soviet blockade of Berlin in 1948 effectively resulted in the division of the city into two separate administrative units. In the ten years after the blockade the Berlin problem remained a potential flashpoint in East-West relations. In particular, the growing contrast in living standards between the eastern and western sectors caused many East Germans to flee to the West, using West Berlin as their main exit. For twelve years they fled at an average rate of some 20,000 a month (one estimate is that between September 1945 and December 1965, East Germany lost over 2 million citizens). Since many of the refugees were highly-trained and qualified workers, this was not only a condemnation of the East German regime but also a considerable drain on East Germany's economy. In November 1958, Russia under Kruschev, sought to remedy the situation by demanding an end to the occupation of Berlin and the normalisation of the city's 'status' as the capital of the German Democratic Republic (GDR). From then on the East Germans pursued tactics of whittling away at Western rights on a petty level - e.g. demanding papers from diplomats travelling into the eastern zone - in an attempt to force an implicit recognition of East Germany's right to control her own territory. In early August 1961, Warsaw Pact leaders met in Moscow and Kruschev agreed to East German pleas to be permitted to close the border. On the night of Saturday 12 August 1961, East German Army and Police units began to seal off the escape routes through Berlin with barbed wire barricades. By 0100 on 13 August all but twelve of the eighty main crossing-points were closed, cutting the city in two. Within a month a wall (initially constructed of stone blocks) was beginning to replace the barbed wire in several places, although the wire was extended elsewhere, even stretching across rivers and lakes. The most significant fact about the wall was that it was built to keep East Germans in and not West Germans out.
Of all the recognised crossing-points which remained between East and West Berlin, 'Checkpoint Charlie' on the Friedrichstrasse became the most famous. It served as a focus for the confrontation between US and Soviet tanks in October 1961 when the East Germans violated an international agreement by ordering American military personnel to show identity cards when entering Berlin. In 1963 the stone wall was replaced by a concrete one of 25 kilometres. By 1980 it formed a 164 kilometre ring around West Berlin. The barrier as a whole now had an average depth of 50 metres and also included: a reinforced concrete slab wall up to 4 metres high and topped by concrete or steel tubing to prevent anyone from gaining easy hand-holds (102 kilometres), a close-meshed metal grid fence of up to four metres high (55 km), a vehicle barred ditch, up to 5 metres wide and deep (107 km), a security strip 15 metres wide that was sanded and swept to show up footprints and tracks, a concrete or tarmac road up to 4 metres wide for the ease of movement of the frontier guards, a contact fence about 2 metres high which switched on observation lamps when touched (122 km), a security-trap zone with trip-wires to activate alarms, 247 observation towers, 135 bunkers or shelters and 260 dog-runs each allowing guard dogs on long leashes a 'beat' of 200 metres. Elsewhere, outside Berlin, the frontier comprised a 5km-deep control zone and a 500-metre security strip which could only be entered with special permission at prescribed points. The frontier barriers incorporated many of the same features as those in Berlin. One of the nastier features of the metal grid fence was the installation, at 10-metre intervals over one-third of its length, of SM70 automatic fire and alarm devices. Activated by tension wires, these fired explosive charges containing 90 jagged iron fragments, up to 25 metres. There were also 292 km of minefields. The frontier between East and West Germany (once settled by a joint commission in 1974) was 1,378 km long. 1, 282 km of it was covered by the metal grid fence. From an East German point of view, and in the short term, the Wall appeared to fulfil its purpose. It had somewhat changed the status quo, for any negotiations implied some formalisation of the new situation and recognition of the division of Germany. With the drain on its resources slowed, if never completely stopped, the GDR's economy stabilized and became healthier, enabling East Germany - within a few years - to become the second strongest power of the Warsaw Pact countries. In this respect, the Wall removed a 'running sore' of anxiety for the GDR and so smoothed the path of East-West detente.
At Christmas 1963 West Berliners were allowed, for the first time, to visit East Berlin, if they could prove they had relatives there. Then, after negotiations between East and West Germany, and a four-power agreement which came into force in 1972, considerable improvements were achieved in simplifying transit and visiting arrangements. Quick clearance, with fewer controls, became the norm. Nevertheless, the movement was still essentially in one direction, from West to East.
In spite of these improvements and better East-West relations, East German citizens continued to leave for the West. Dr Rainer Hildebrandt of the Checkpoint Charlie Museum estimated that 383, 000 left East Germany legally between August 1961 and December 1968, though until 1980 they were mostly pensioners and sick people. Approximately 5,000 refugees per year have also fled. The majority did not escape over border obstacles but left via other countries such as Czechoslovakia and Hungary. A spokesperson at the German Embassy in London said that some 25,000 escaped in 'dramatic circumstances'. These included 57 people who escaped through a tunnel dug under the Berlin Wall itself in 1964, and two families (8 people) who reached the West after a 40 km flight in a home-made hot air balloon in 1979.
192 people are known to have died in attempts to cross either the Wall or the frontier obstacles. The actual figure, however, is likely to be higher. Some 60,000 were arrested for actual escape attempts or for merely planning to escape, the average sentence being 16 months' imprisonment. The Wall was breached on the evening of 9 November 1989 and gradually dismantled in stages thereafter.

RelatedImageFile
EPH_000467.jpg

Weighting
1

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

UncatTransferDate
18/03/2009 09:51:06

URLEncodedDeptName
Exhibits

FormatDescription
section of concrete wall (H 364cm x W 105cm, depth at base 200cm) with painted graffiti

Access
On display at IWM London

IndexPlace
Berlin, Germany

IndexEvent
Cold War
Berlin Wall 1961-1989, Cold War

IndexEventDate
01 November 1989

Theme
Cold War 1945-1991
Germany post-1945
Berlin 1945-1989

CoLStatus
Ready

DeptName
Exhibits

IDNO
EPH 1252

ItemName
Iron Curtain souvenir

ObjectType
souvenir

IndexPeople
Hurd, D (The Right Hon. MP)

IndexUnits
HU.O
GB.O & Foreign and Commonwealth Office & FCO

FullSummary
A section of barbed wire from Austro-Hungarian border, presented to the Rt Hon Douglas Hurd MP, when he was Foreign Secretary.

Weighting
1

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

UncatTransferDate
30/06/2006 11:14:35

URLEncodedDeptName
Exhibits

FormatDescription
Section of barbed wire, with a seal attached together with a certificate of authenticity.

Access
On display at IWM London

DeptName
Exhibits

IDNO
WEA 588

ItemName
sword bayonet, sawback, for Model 1898 Mauser rifle & Seitengewehr Model 1898/05 [second type, flashguard, sawback]

ObjectType
bayonet

FullSummary
English text on the accompanying wooden plaque explains the history of the piece as follows - '.....And they shall beat their swords into ploughshares and their spears into pruning hooks.....Isaiah. Chapter II, verse 4. This German bayonet, used in Palestine during the Great War, was beaten into a pruning hook by villagers near the banks of the Jordan, and was found in use by the High Commissioner for Palestine near the traditional site of the baptism of Jesus Christ.'

ProductionCompany
Waffenfabrik Mauser AG & Oberndorf am Neckar, Germany
modification (unknown Palestinian civilian) (after) 1917

Weighting
1

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

UncatTransferDate
30/06/2006 11:14:35

URLEncodedDeptName
Exhibits

FormatDescription
Originally a standard 2nd pattern S98/05 bayonet with sawback blade, the single-edged swell point blade has been curved right round to form a crude sickle or pruning hook.

Access
Access by prior appointment

DeptName
Exhibits

IDNO
FEQ 413

ItemName
Mines Warning sign

ObjectType
sign

IndexPlaces
Angola

IndexUnits
GB.O & MAG & Mines Advisory Group

FullSummary
It was used and donated by the Mines Advisory Group in Angola in their mine clearance progammes.

RelatedImageFile
FEQ_000413.jpg

Weighting
1000
900

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

UncatTransferDate
30/06/2006 11:14:35

URLEncodedDeptName
Exhibits

FormatDescription
red sign with skull and crossbones in white with the inscription PERIGO MINAS! DANGER MINES

Access
On display at IWM North

DigitalAsset
Y

IWMImageOwned
Y

DeptName
Exhibits

IDNO
EPH 3298

ItemName
sewing machine

ObjectType
relic

IndexPeople
Ahmeti, Hetem and Syleme

IndexPlaces
Kosovo & Mitrovica & Mazhic

FullSummary
The sewing machine was found amongst the relics of the donor's, Hetem and Syleme Ahmeti, house at Mazhic, near Mitrovica in Kosovo in June 2000. Their house had been destroyed by NATO bombing.
A photograph of the donors is on display above the sewing machine.

RelatedIWMItems
EPH

RelatedImageFile
EPH_003298.jpg

Weighting
1000
900

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

UncatTransferDate
30/06/2006 11:14:35

URLEncodedDeptName
Exhibits

Access
On display at IWM North

DigitalAsset
Y

IWMImageOwned
Y

DeptName
Exhibits

IDNO
MAR 590

ItemName
canoe, Laotian

ObjectType
ship

IndexPlaces
SE Asia

IndexUnits
Mines Advisory Group

FullSummary
Canoe fashioned out of a United States Air Force fighter-bomber fuel tank made by Laotians for civilian use. As the Mines Advisory Group's (MAG) report states: 'The Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) in the heart of South East Asia, provides a frightening example of the long-term impact of remote, mechanised war on civilian populations.'

RelatedImageFile
MAR_000590.jpg

Weighting
1000
900

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

UncatTransferDate
30/06/2006 11:14:35

URLEncodedDeptName
Exhibits

Access
On display at IWM North

DigitalAsset
Y

IWMImageOwned
Y

DeptName
Exhibits

IDNO
EPH 3503

ItemName
sculpture, crocodile

ObjectType
misc

IndexPeople
Delgado, Humberto (artist)

IndexPlaces
MZ

FullSummary
The sculpture was constructed by the artist Humberto Delgado. It was made as part of the recent Christian Council of Mozambique's 'Swords into Ploughshares' project, in which works of art were made from weapons handed-in in return for productive tools.

Weighting
1

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

UncatTransferDate
30/06/2006 11:14:35

URLEncodedDeptName
Exhibits

FormatDescription
Constructed largely from machine-gun cartridge belts, with trigger housing and pistol-grips of Kalashnikov rifles as legs.

Access
On display at IWM North

DeptName
Film

IDNO
IWM 1098

ProductionDate
11/1917

ItemName
REPAIRING WAR'S RAVAGES [Main]
REPARACION DE LOS DANOS CAUSADOS POR LA GUERRA (on copy held) [alternative]

IndexEvents
31/3(41)

IndexObjects
medical, British military - long term: [+]
journalism and record, British - cameraman (?)
animals, birds
equipment, British - personal: cinema projector
industry, British - craft
industry, British - general

IndexPlaces
GB, England & Roehampton, Surrey <rehabilitation centre>

IndexUnits
GB.A & Royal Army Medical Corps & Roehampton Centre
GB.O & Ministry of Pensions

ShortSummary
Spanish language version of a film on the work of the Army rehabilitation centre at Roehampton, Surrey, autumn 1917.

FullSummary
The inhabitants of the centre are soldiers in hospital blues, all either with an arm or a leg missing, or in wheelchairs, or blind. A group of them assembles to hear a representative of the Ministry of Pensions explain the trades the Army will teach them to help them return to civilian life. Two of the men, each with a leg missing, are taken to join others learning how to be clerks and typists. The men learn to understand account books, to type one-handed, to understand commercial correspondence and accounting. Other men are taught in a workshop how to make purses and other items from leather. In another workshop some are taught electrical work and soldering. Outdoors a teacher blinded in the war shows men the principles of poultry farming. Indoors, a one-armed man learns how to work and maintain a cinema projector. In the engineering section some men work with lathes. Others are taught car maintenance and driving, including how to repair a car tyre inner-tube. Blind or handicapped men weave baskets in the open. In the woodwork shop a one-armed man fits a chisel to his artificial arm for use with a lathe in shaping wood. Finally, wearing their civilian clothes, the men are given a discharge allowance by the Army to help them look for work.

ContextDescription
Technical: this film was previously IWM 317a
Remarks: an interesting film, with a very positive approach. The discharge allowance does not seem very much

Duration
15 mins

Format
P 1/35/A

Colour
B&W

Sound
Silent

NumberOfParts
1

Dimensions
875 ft

ProductionSponsor
Department of Information

ProductionCompany
Imperial Film Company

ProductionCountry
GB

Language
None

LanguageMainTitles
Spanish

LanguageSubtitles
Spanish

OtherReferences
shotsheet

Weighting
500

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

UncatTransferDate
30/06/2006 09:20:43

URLEncodedDeptName
Film

Access
IWM

DeptName
Film

IDNO
S15 47

ProductionDate
1944

ItemName
WARWORK NEWS NO 47 [Main]

ShortSummary
I." War leaders see best war Academy." Tedder and Cunningham, with their wives, are among guests at the preview of the annual exhibition at the Royal Academy in London. Works on display include many of a military character, including portraits of Montgomery (by Augustus John), Cunningham, Harris at a Bomber Command planning table and former Soviet Ambassador Maisky. President of the Royal Academy Sir A J Munnings is seen with George Belcher and other artists (Whitney-Smith, Gilroy, Bedford, Mason) are introduced by the camera. Sculptured head of George VI by Sir W R Dick.
II. "PM's wife visits 'Churchill house'." Mrs Churchill visits one of the new factory built steel houses, half a million of which will be built for returning soldiers after the war, to last for ten years until everyone can be housed in brick-built dwellings. Interior views of this prefabricated house designed for a family of four.
III. "The miracle of penicillin." Detailed description of the growth and production of penicillin, to be used in treating wounded troops and which will be of great value when the invasion comes. Wrapped up phials can be easily transported by plane to any front.

Duration
9 mins

Format
P 1/35/N

Colour
B&W

Sound
comopt

NumberOfParts
1

Dimensions
847 ft

ProductionSponsor
Ministry of Supply

ProductionCompany
British Paramount News

Language
English

LanguageMainTitles
English

LanguageSubtitles
None

Weighting
500

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

UncatTransferDate
30/06/2006 09:20:43

URLEncodedDeptName
Film

Access
IWM

DeptName
Film

IDNO
MGH 3448

ProductionDate
1945 (?)

ItemName
GOOD NEIGHBOURS (incomplete) [Main]

IndexObjects
society, British - charity: British Legion
medical, British civilian - long term: rehabilitation

IndexUnits
GB.O & British Legion

ShortSummary
Work of British Legion in rehabilitating ex-servicemen after the Second World War.

FullSummary
A de-mobbed soldier, after recuperating in a British Legion sanatorium, is provided with a house in the countryside for himself and his wife, away from the pressures of town. He is shown around a Legion training centre, where other ex-servicemen are learning printing, engineering and animal husbandry. Bill Jones opts for wooden toymaking, receiving instruction from a First World War veteran. The film is cut short as commentary begins to describe other work undertaken by the Legion.

ContextDescription
Technical: incomplete reel one only.

Duration
5 mins

Format
P 2/35/A

Colour
B&W

Sound
comopt

NumberOfParts
1

Dimensions
457 ft

ProductionSponsor
British Legion

ProductionCompany
Pathe Pictures

ProductionCountry
GB

LanguageMainTitles
English

Weighting
500

SubThemeTag
LegaciesOfWarReconstruction

UncatTransferDate
30/06/2006 09:20:43

URLEncodedDeptName
Film

Access
To be established